當代中文語法點全集（二版）

A
A-not-A Questions
Answering Questions in Chinese
按照, ànzhào, (Prep), in accordance with

B
吧, ba, (Ptc), Making Suggestions
把, bǎ, (Ptc), To Dispose of Something (1)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), Moving an Object to a Location (2)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), with V1V2V3 (3)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), V (一) V, Disposal with Verb Reduplication (4)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), with Resultative Complements (5)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), Unintentional Event (6)
把 A 當做 B, (bǎ A dàngzuò B), to treat or take A as B (7)
白, bái, (Adv), in vain, all for nothing
幫, bāng, (Prep), on behalf of
被, bèi, (Ptc), A Passive Marker (See 受 shòu entry also)
比, bǐ, (Prep), Comparison (1)
比, bǐ, (Prep), Intensifying a State with 一 M 比 一 M, more and more X, more X than the last (2)
比較, bǐjiào, (Adv), Implicit Comparison (3)
比起來, bǐqǐlái, Comparison (4)
畢竟, bìjìng, (Adv), after all, to Urge Concession
別的, biéde, other
別再⋯了,bié zài…le, stop doing it
並, bìng, (Adv), 並 + Negation, Contrary to Expectation
不, bù, vs. 沒, méi, Negation (1)
不, bù, Negative Potential Complement (2)
-部-bù, or -邊-biān, Locative Markers
不但 A，還 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, hái (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
不但 A，而且 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, érqiě (Conj) B), not only A but also B
不到, búdào, less than
不得不, bùdébù, have no choice but to…
不管 A 都 B, (bùguǎn (Conj) A dōu (Adv) B), regardless of whether or not
不見得, bújiàndé, (Adv), not necessarily
不禁, bùjīn, (Adv), uncontrollably, cannot help but…
不如, bùrú, (Vst), not as good as
不是, búshì, Negation
不是 A 就是 B, (bú shì A jiù shì B), if it's not A, then it’s B
不是 A，而是 B, (bú shì A, ér shì B), not A ; rather B
不說, bùshuō , in S1 不說，S2 也yě, not merely, but also (complaining)
不太, bútài, not very
不停, bù tíng, as in Verb + 個不停, keep on
不再⋯了, (bú zài…le), not…any more
不只, bùzhǐ, (Adv), not merely, exceeding
不至於, bùzhìyú, (Adv), but the situation would not be so bad as to…

C
才, cái, (Adv), merely, only (1)
才, cái, (Adv), longer/later than expected (2)
才, cái, (Adv), then and only then (3)
才, cái, (Adv), to outrightly deny (4)
才 A 就 B, (cái A jiù B), only just A, and B already (5)
曾經, céngjīng, (Adv), experience in the past, V’ed before
差不多, chàbùduō, (Vs, Adv), In Various Functions
差一點（就）, chàyīdiǎn (jiù), (Adv), almost
趁, chèn, (Prep), seize the moment
成, chéng, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to become, to turn into (1)
成, chéng, (Ptc), As a verb complement, successful(ly) (2)
成語, chéngyǔ, 四字格, Four-Character Phrases
出, chū, (Ptc), Verb Particle, to have emerged
出來, chūlái, as Verb Complement, to figure out
除了 A，還 B, (chúle (Prep) A , hái (Adv) B), in addition to
Complement of Intensification in Comparison Structures (1)
Complements, 極了jíle, 得不得了de bùdéliǎo, 得很de hěn, terribly, extremely (2)
從 A 到 B, (cóng (Prep) A dào (Prep) B), from A to B
從 A 往 B, (cóng (Prep) A wǎng (Prep) B), go A from B
從⋯起, (cóng (Prep)…qǐ (Ptc)), starting from…
從來, cónglái, (Adv), 從來 + Negation, never

D
當⋯的時候, (dāng…de shíhòu), when, while, at the time of
到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker (1)
到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker for Movement Verbs (2)
到, dào, (Prep), Post-verbal Preposition, up to, till (3)
到, dào, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to be successful in… (4)
到底, dàodǐ, (Adv), after all? how on earth…?
倒是, dàoshì, (Adv), on the other hand
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker (1)
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, used in comparing the results of actions (2)
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, so…that… (3)
得, de, (Ptc), Positive Potential Complement Marker (4) (See 不(2))
的, de, (Ptc), Possessive Marker (1)
的, de, (Ptc), Modifier Marker (2)
的, de, (Ptc), with the Head Noun Omitted (3)
的, de, (Ptc), to Mark Assurance, co-occuring often with會huì (Vaux) (4)
的話, de huà, if, supposing
的時候, de shíhòu, when, at the time of
等, děng, (Ptc), enumeration particle, etc…
等 A 就 B,(děng A jiù B), when A comes, then B
的確, díquè, (Adv), indeed
掉, diào, (Ptc), Verb Particle, separated from
Directional Constructions V1V2 and V1V2V3
Disposal Construction (See 把bǎ,1-7)
懂, dǒng, (Vs, Vp), Complement Indicating Cognitive Ability as a Result
動, dòng, (Vp), used as a verb complement, capable of causing movement
動不動就, dòngbùdòng jiù, whenever one pleases to do something impetuously
都, dōu, (Adv), totality, all (1)
都, dōu, (Adv), expressing displeasure, annoyance or surprise (2)
對, duì , (Prep), towards
對 A 有B, (duì (Prep) A yǒu (Vs) B), to be B in A
對⋯來說, (duì (Prep)…lái shuō), as far as...is concerned, for
對⋯講究, (duì (Prep) …jiǎngjiù (Vst)), to be discerning, discriminating, particular about
對於, duìyú, (Prep, Ptc), towards, regarding (1)
對於⋯而言, (duìyú (Prep)…ér yán), as far as… is concerned (2)
多, duō, (Vs), more than, over, and some (1)
多, duō, (Adv), as in 多+Verb, more… than planned (2)
多, duō, (Adv), intensifying, how…! (3)
多少, duōshǎo, (Adv), likely, at least

E
而且, érqiě, (Conj), furthermore
Existential Sentence with Posture Verbs (1)
Existential Sentence with有yǒu (2)

F
反而, fǎn'ér, (Adv), on the contrary
反正, fǎnzhèng, (Adv), at any rate, anyway
方面, fāngmiàn, (N), as in 在⋯方面, with respect to; regarding
非⋯不可, (fēi…bùkě), it is imperative that
否則, fǒuzé, (Conj), otherwise
Four-Character Phrases (See 成語chéngyǔ,)

G
V 個夠, V ge gòu, to have a full dosage of an activity
各 V 各的, (gè V gè de), each doing her/his own…
給, gěi, (Prep), Various Meanings (1)
給, gěi, (Prep), Indirect Object Marker (2)
給⋯帶來, (gěi (Prep)…dàilái), to bring…to (3)
跟, gēn, (Prep), Companionship (1)
跟, gēn, (Prep), Various Meanings of the Preposition (2)
跟⋯一樣, (gēn (Prep)…yíyàng), Comparison
跟 B 有關的 A, (gēn (Prep) B yǒuguān de A), A that relates to B, A that concern B
根本, gēnběn, (Adv), not…at all, absolutely not
更, gèng, (Adv), Intensification in Comparison, even more so
更別說 B 了, (gèng bié shuō B le), let alone, never mind
慣, guàn, (Ptc), indicating ‘getting used to a routine’
光 A 就 B, (guāng (Adv) A jiù (Adv) B), just A alone…
關於, guānyú, (Vs, Ptc), about, regarding
過, guò, (Ptc), Experience Aspect (1)
過, guò, (Ptc), Phase Aspect Marker, Completion of Action (2)

H
還, hái, (Adv), still (unchanged, incomplete) (1)
還, hái, (Adv), to my surprise (2)
還是 A 吧, (háishì (Adv) A ba (Ptc)), it will be better if A, it would be best if A
好, hǎo, as in 好+Verb, nice to, easy to (1)
好, hǎo, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, all set and ready (2)
好不容易, hǎobù róngyì , (idiom), only after a tremendous amount of...
何必, hébì, (Adv), why must
何況, hékuàng, (Adv), let alone, no need to mention
很, hěn, (Adv), Intensification Marker
恨不得, hènbùdé, one really wishes one could…
後來, hòulái, (Adv), next in sequence
會, huì, (Vaux), aquired skills, can, able to (1)
會, huì, (Vaux), likelihood (2)
會, huì, (Vaux), as Verb Complement (3)

J
既 A 又 B, (jì (Adv) A yòu (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
既然 A 就 B, (jìrán (Conj) A jiù (Adv) B), Concession, since A then B
見, jiàn, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, perceived
漸漸, jiànjiàn, (Adv), gradually, slowly
簡直, jiǎnzhí, (Adv), to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if
叫, jiào, (V), Imperative Verb
結果, jiéguǒ, (Adv), consequently, (Conj), in the end
幾乎, jīhū, (Adv), almost
經過, jīngguò, (Prep), after
竟然, jìngrán, (Adv), to the speaker’s great surprise, unbelievably
就, jiù, (Adv), sooner than expected (1)
就, jiù, (Adv), in V了A 就 B ,(V le A jiù B), do B right after doing A (2)
就, jiù, (Adv), on the contrary (3)
就算 S1，也 S2, (jiùsuàn S1, yě S2), even if S1, would S2, no matter how
就要⋯了, (jiù yào… le), will soon
究竟, jiùjìng, (Adv), I wonder
居然, jūrán, (Adv), to one’s surprise

K
看, kàn, (V), as in V V 看, to try and see, to try out (1)
看, kàn, (V), depend on (2)
靠, kào, (V / Prep), to rely on, by means of
可, kě, (Adv), but on the other hand, stating a mild warning
可見, kějiàn, (Conj), it can thus be concluded that…
可以, kěyǐ, (Vaux), Permission (1)
可以, kěyǐ, (Vaux), Possibility (2)
恐怕, kǒngpà, (Adv), probably, I’m afraid that
快一點, kuài yìdiǎn, hurry up

L
來, lái, (V), as in 來 + VP, to come to do something (1)
來, lái, as a verb complement, to get along well, to be able to relate to each other well (2)
了1, le, (Ptc), Completed Action (1)
了1 , le, (Ptc), Followed by Time-Duration (2)
了2, le, (Ptc), Change in Situation (3)
了2 , (Ptc), in 快⋯了, kuài…le,

編著者：鄧守信
Shou-hsin Teng, PhD
Professor of Chinese Linguistics
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass, USA (retired)
National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (retired)
Maa Fa Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Dept. of Chinese as a Second Language, Chungyuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan (current)

策劃：國立臺灣師範大學國語教學中心
國立臺灣師範大學國語教學中心成立於 1956 年，隸屬於國立臺灣師範大學，是臺灣歷史最悠久、規模最完備、教學最有成效的華語文教學機構。學員來自全世界各地，許多漢學界知名學者及政經界名人都曾在此就讀，在國際間享譽盛名。

The Mandarin Training Center (MTC) at NTNU
The Mandarin Training Center (MTC) is founded in 1956. The MTC, a subsidiary of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), is the largest and oldest institution dedicated to teaching Chinese as a second language in Taiwan. The center has well-equipped facilities and is internationally renowned for its high teaching quality. MTC’s students come from all over the world, and many renowned sinology scholars and important figures in the politics and financial are its alumni.